For example, the typical generation time for the human population is 25 years. In eukaryotic organisms, the generation time is the time between the same points of the life cycle in two successive generations. What is the name of the protein that assembles into a Z ring to initiate cytokinesis and cell division?.For example, we know that specific enzymes break bonds between the monomers in peptidoglycans and allow addition of new subunits along the division septum. The daughter cells are separated by the division septum, where all of the cells’ outer layers (the cell wall and outer membranes, if present) must be remodeled to complete division. The divisome activates to produce a peptidoglycan cell wall and build a septum that divides the two daughter cells. Additional proteins required for cell division are added to the Z ring to form a structure called the divisome. The Z ring is anchored by FtsZ-binding proteins and defines the division plane between the two daughter cells.
FtsZ assembles into a Z ring on the cytoplasmic membrane ( Figure 9.3). This process of cytokinesis and cell division is directed by a protein called FtsZ. The center of the enlarged cell constricts until two daughter cells are formed, each offspring receiving a complete copy of the parental genome and a division of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis). Replication continues in opposite directions along the chromosome until the terminus is reached. Next, the replication of DNA starts at a location on the circular chromosome called the origin of replication, where the chromosome is attached to the inner cell membrane. Before dividing, the cell grows and increases its number of cellular components. The most common mechanism of cell replication in bacteria is a process called binary fission, which is depicted in Figure 9.2. For example, Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, has a linear chromosome. Most bacteria have a single circular chromosome however, some exceptions exist. In prokaryotes, reproduction is always asexual, although extensive genetic recombination in the form of horizontal gene transfer takes place, as will be explored in a different chapter. The bacterial cell cycle involves the formation of new cells through the replication of DNA and partitioning of cellular components into two daughter cells. Why is the health-care provider concerned about Jeni’s signs and symptoms?.However, the health-care provider who sees Jeni is concerned and orders a blood sample to be sent for testing by the microbiology laboratory. Jeni exercises regularly and follows a nutritious diet with emphasis on organic foods, including raw milk that she purchases from a local farmer’s market. Jeni, a 24-year-old pregnant woman in her second trimester, visits a clinic with complaints of high fever, 38.9 ☌ (102 ☏), fatigue, and muscle aches-typical flu-like signs and symptoms.
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